How Israel became Start-Up Nation
Israel spends a higher share of its GDP on research and development than any other country, hosts 42 unicorn startups, and contains the largest concentration of multinational R&D centres outside Silicon Valley. The trajectory has clear historical drivers: military-grade engineering training through universal conscription, the 1990s Soviet aliyah, the 1993 Yozma fund-of-funds programme, and a sustained pull of US venture capital. This piece sets out how each driver works.
